Data · reference table
Prediction market regulation tracker: every state action, dated
138 dated actions on prediction markets across 46 US states, from 6 September 2024 to 25 September 2026: court rulings, lawsuits, cease-and-desist letters, bills, and the briefs states file together. Newest first, each with its primary source. Whether a platform is open in a state today is on that state’s page and in our US availability guide.
Each row is an entry on a state page, read from a court docket, an order, a regulator’s own letter or the legislature’s record; a filing signed by several states is listed once, with all of them. Status is as of the date the state was last checked. Last updated . Free to cite with a link to this page. Not legal advice.
By kind of action
- 53 Court ruling or order
- 47 Lawsuit or charges
- 17 Regulator action
- 14 Legislation
- 7 Brief or comment
Download the timeline as CSV · one row per action, the same columns as the table.
| Date | What happened | State | Platforms named | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appellate ruling · U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (KalshiEX v. Schuler / v. Orgel, Nos. 26-3196/5235; Gibbons, Clay, Bloomekatz)Unanimous panel held Kalshi's sports contracts are not 'swaps' and that the CEA would not preempt Ohio gambling law even if they were; affirmed the denial of Kalshi's PI.Status: Decided; remanded. No mandate, rehearing petition or cert petition was confirmed as of 29 Sep 2026. | Ohio, Tennessee | Kalshi | opn.ca6.uscourts.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · New York Attorney General (with Governor Hochul)The AG filed an Executive Law 63(12) verified petition against QCX LLC d/b/a Polymarket US in NY County Supreme Court. Polymarket removed it the same day (S.D.N.Y. 1:26-cv-08338, Judge Abrams).Status: Pending in federal court after removal | New York | Polymarket US | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit (platform v. state) · QCX LLC d/b/a Polymarket US, federal suit v. AG James and NYSGC commissioners (S.D.N.Y. 1:26-cv-08345)Polymarket US filed its own suit against the AG and Gaming Commission members; it was referred as possibly related to 26-cv-8338.Status: Pending | New York | Polymarket US | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Final order · U.S. Supreme Court (Clerk), No. 26-299Procedural order extending Kalshi's time to respond to NJ's petition (not a merits ruling).Status: Response due 9 Nov 2026. | New Jersey | Kalshi | supremecourt.gov ↗ | |
| Appeal · KalshiEX LLC (U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit, No. 26-2874)Kalshi appealed the denial of its preliminary injunction in KalshiEX v. Bird. The Eighth Circuit docketed the appeal and set a briefing schedule on 17 Sep 2026.Status: Pending; Kalshi's opening brief is due 6 Nov 2026 | Iowa | Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Settlement / joint stipulation of dismissal · Montana Attorney General, Gambling Control Division and KalshiEX LLC (joint stipulation, D. Mont.)Montana agreed not to bring or refer any enforcement action, investigation or cease-and-desist proceeding against Kalshi over event contracts traded on a DCM until Kalshi’s Ninth Circuit rehearing petition in KalshiEX v. Assad is denied or decided en banc, and then to give 30 days’ written notice. Kalshi dismissed its suit, with prejudice as to the Lottery and Sports Wagering Commission members and without prejudice as to the AG and GCD.Status: Case dismissed by order of 21 Sep 2026; standstill in effect | Montana | Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Cease-and-desist · Missouri Attorney General Catherine HanawayLetters to QCX LLC (Polymarket US), KalshiEX, Foris DAX (Crypto.com) and one other operator (dated 16 Sep) and to Ludlow Exchange (Novig) and Underdog (dated 17 Sep) say their sports event contracts are unlicensed sports wagering under Missouri law. Each must stop or get a Missouri Gaming Commission licence, pay state taxes and fees, and bar users under 21; announced 18 Sep 2026.Status: Each letter asks for confirmation of compliance within 30 days of its date (mid-October 2026); no lawsuit found as of 4 Oct 2026 | Missouri | Crypto.com Prediction Markets, Kalshi, Novig, Polymarket US, Underdog Predictions | ago.mo.gov ↗ | |
| Tribal lawsuit / court ruling (IGRA) · U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Blue Lake Rancheria; Chicken Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians v. Kalshi)Reversed the N.D. Cal. denial of a preliminary injunction: the tribes are likely to succeed on IGRA claims that Kalshi's sports contracts entered from tribal land are unauthorized class III gaming; CEA exclusivity does not displace IGRA. Lanham Act claim rejected.Status: affirmed in part, reversed in part, remanded to Judge Corley (No. 3:25-cv-06162) to weigh remaining PI factors; no injunction entered by the opinion itself | California | Kalshi | cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov ↗ | |
| Legislative hearing · Texas Senate Committee on State Affairs (Chair Sen. Bryan Hughes)Noticed public and invited testimony on the 'Closing Gambling Loopholes' prediction-market charge. News reports Kalshi and the AGA testified.Status: hearing noticed for 2026-09-15; no bill or report yet | Texas | — | capitol.texas.gov ↗ | |
| Appellate motion · Arizona AG / ADG (Ninth Circuit filing)Arizona moved for summary disposition or dismissal in CFTC v. Johnson (No. 26-4281), aiming to dissolve the PI after the Nevada ruling.Status: Pending | Arizona | Crypto.com Prediction Markets, Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Interlocutory appeal certified · U.S. District Court, W.D. Wis. (Judge Conley), Ho-Chunk Nation v. KalshiThe court certified its 11 May 2026 ruling for interlocutory appeal and stayed the case. Kalshi petitioned the Seventh Circuit for permission to appeal on 21 Sep 2026 (No. 26-8020).Status: Petition pending; district case stayed | Wisconsin | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Rehearing petition · KalshiEX LLC (Ninth Circuit filing)Kalshi petitioned for panel rehearing and rehearing en banc in the consolidated appeals (25-7516, 25-7187, 25-7831). Kalshi filed a status report on 25 Sep 2026.Status: Pending | Nevada | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Injunction pending appeal denied · U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (Judges Hartz and Kelly)In KalshiEx v. Cox (No. 26-4100), the court denied Kalshi's emergency motion for an injunction pending appeal, leaving the district court's judgment for Utah in place.Status: Kalshi's appeal is pending; its opening brief was due 21 Sep 2026 | Utah | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction denied · U.S. District Court, S.D. Iowa (Judge Stephen H. Locher)In KalshiEX v. Bird (No. 4:26-cv-00109), the court held Kalshi is unlikely to show the Commodity Exchange Act preempts Iowa's gambling laws, and it denied an injunction against the Attorney General and the IRGC. The order notes the AG had promised not to open an investigation before the motion was decided.Status: Kalshi appealed (8th Cir. No. 26-2874); pending | Iowa | Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit (platform v. state) · Underdog Exchange DCM, Inc. and UDM, LLC d/b/a Underdog Predict (federal suit v. AG Torrez et al., D.N.M. 1:26-cv-02935)Underdog sued the Attorney General and Gaming Control Board officials for declaratory and injunctive relief.Status: Summons issued 9 Sep 2026; no further activity on the docket | New Mexico | Underdog Predictions | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · New Jersey Attorney General / DGE (Flaherty v. KalshiEX, U.S. Supreme Court No. 26-299)NJ filed a certiorari petition asking the Supreme Court to reverse the Third Circuit, citing a split with the Ninth Circuit. Docketed 8 Sep 2026; Kalshi's response deadline was extended to 9 Nov 2026.Status: Pending: no Supreme Court action on the petition yet. | New Jersey | Kalshi | njoag.gov ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction · Ingham County Circuit Court (Judge Aquilina)The PI requires Kalshi to keep geofencing Michigan out of its sports contracts, with a $500,000/day fine for violations (release dated 2 Sep 2026).Status: In effect | Michigan | Kalshi | michigan.gov ↗ | |
| Appellate ruling · US Court of Appeals, Ninth CircuitIn KalshiEX v. Assad (No. 25-7516, published), the court affirmed the dissolution of Kalshi's PI as to sports contracts and remanded for the district court to consider election contracts.Status: Kalshi petitioned for panel and en banc rehearing on 9 Sep 2026; pending | California, Nevada, Oregon | Kalshi | cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov ↗ | |
| Appellate ruling · US Court of Appeals, Ninth CircuitUnpublished memoranda affirmed the denial of preliminary relief to Crypto.com (No. 25-7187) and a second operator (No. 25-7831), relying on Kalshi v. Assad.Status: Affirmed; the rehearing petition in the consolidated cases is pending | Nevada | Crypto.com Prediction Markets | cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction denied without prejudice · U.S. District Court, D. Mont. (Judge Molloy)The court refused to extend a stipulated stay, lifted it, ordered the state to respond to the complaint within 21 days, and denied Kalshi’s preliminary-injunction motion without prejudice.Status: Superseded by the dismissal of 21 Sep 2026 | Montana | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Stipulated order (enforcement forbearance) · US District Court, W.D. Wash. (NADEX d/b/a OG v. Brown, 2:26-cv-02579)OG/NADEX sued on 22 Jul 2026. The AG and WSGC stipulated not to enforce state law against OG's DCM event-contract trading, and the case is stayed pending the related Ninth Circuit appeals (stipulation filed 18 Aug).Status: Stayed (31 Aug 2026) | Washington | Crypto.com Prediction Markets | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · State of Connecticut (AG Tong / DCP)CT filed a verified complaint in Hartford Superior Court (HHD-CV26-6230345-S) seeking temporary and permanent injunctions, disgorgement, restitution and CUTPA penalties. Kalshi removed it the same day (D. Conn. 3:26-cv-01382).Status: Deadlines stayed pending the remand decision (17 Sep 2026) | Connecticut | Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Stipulated stay · US District Court, D. Mass. (Judge Saylor), Ludlow Exchange (Novig) v. Campbell (1:26-cv-13615)Novig's exchange sued on 6 Aug 2026; the case is stayed until the SJC decides Commonwealth v. KalshiEX (SJC-13906).Status: Stayed; whether it includes an enforcement-forbearance term is UNVERIFIED (stipulation PDF not in RECAP) | Massachusetts | Novig | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · Ludlow Exchange LLC d/b/a Novig (U.S. District Court, W.D. Wis., No. 3:26-cv-00761)Novig sued AG Josh Kaul and Division of Gaming Administrator John Dillett to stop Wisconsin enforcing its gambling laws against Novig's event contracts. The complaint says the CFTC designated Novig an exchange on 16 Jun 2026 and that it began offering the contracts in Wisconsin the week before filing.Status: The state answered on 10 Sep 2026; pretrial conference set for 20 Oct 2026 | Wisconsin | Novig | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction (final order on terms) · King County Superior CourtThe order bars sports, elections, politics, entertainment, culture, tech & science, and mentions contracts, with an IP/residency geofence by 19 Aug and a multi-source geofence by 2 Sep. Per the AG, the WA Court of Appeals denied Kalshi a stay.Status: In effect; the outcome of Kalshi's reconsideration motion (hearing 2 Sep) is UNVERIFIED | Washington | Kalshi | atg.wa.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · Mayor and City of Baltimore (municipal, not state)Baltimore filed Consumer Protection Ordinance suits in Baltimore City Circuit Court against Kalshi (with brokers including Coinbase and Webull as co-defendants) and against Polymarket US (QCX/Blockratize), seeking penalties, injunctions and restitution. Kalshi removed its case to D. Md. on 14 Aug 2026 (No. 1:26-cv-03217) and QCX removed on 17 Aug 2026 (No. 1:26-cv-03253).Status: Pending in federal court after removal. | Maryland | Kalshi, Polymarket US | baltimorecity.gov ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction denied · US District Court, D. Conn. (Judge Oliver), KalshiEX v. Cafferelli (3:25-cv-02016)The court denied Kalshi's PI against CT enforcement (memorandum dated 7 Aug, docketed 10 Aug). An injunction pending appeal was denied on 15 Aug, and the Second Circuit denied a temporary injunction on 19 Aug, referring the motion to a panel.Status: Appeal pending (2d Cir. No. 26-2239; Kalshi brief due 30 Sep 2026) | Connecticut | Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit (platform v. state) · Ludlow Exchange LLC (Novig), federal suit v. AG Brown and WSGCNovig's exchange filed for declaratory and injunctive relief in W.D. Wash. (3:26-cv-05888).Status: Pending; no ruling found | Washington | Novig | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit (platform v. state) · Ludlow Exchange, LLC d/b/a Novig (federal suit v. AG Torrez et al., D.N.M. 1:26-cv-02576)Novig sued, saying it expected an enforcement action like the one against Kalshi. In a joint motion of 25 Aug, the AG agreed not to bring civil or criminal enforcement over Novig’s sports-related event contracts until at least 14 days after the stay ends; the court granted the stay to 13 Aug 2027 on 2 Sep 2026.Status: Stayed to 13 Aug 2027 (order of 2 Sep 2026); standstill in effect | New Mexico | Novig | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit (platform v. state) · Ludlow Exchange LLC (Novig), federal suit v. AG James (S.D.N.Y. 1:26-cv-06676)Novig's exchange sued to block New York enforcement; PI briefing (including amicus briefs) continued through Sep 2026.Status: Pending | New York | Novig | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Summary judgment for the state · U.S. District Court, D. Utah (Judge Shelby)The court held that the Commodity Exchange Act does not preempt Utah's enforcement of its anti-gambling laws against Kalshi, granted the state officials summary judgment and denied Kalshi's preliminary-injunction motion as moot.Status: Kalshi appealed on 5 Aug 2026 (10th Cir. No. 26-4100); pending | Utah | Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · New York Attorney General (Letitia James)The AG filed an Executive Law 63(12) verified petition in NY County Supreme Court. It seeks injunctions, restitution, disgorgement, treble penalties and $100,000 per offer of sports wagering. Kalshi removed it the same day (S.D.N.Y. 1:26-cv-06550).Status: The AG's remand motion (filed 7 Aug, reply 28 Aug) is pending before Judge Broderick | New York | Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction denied · U.S. District Court, E.D. Wis. (Judge Griesbach)In United States v. Wisconsin, the court denied the CFTC's motion to bar Wisconsin from enforcing its gambling statutes against sports event contracts, finding no likelihood of success. It also denied Wisconsin's motions to dismiss and change venue, and denied intervention by Kalshi, Crypto.com (CDNA) and the American Gaming Association.Status: The CFTC, Kalshi and the AGA appealed (7th Cir. Nos. 26-2636, 26-2675, 26-2696, consolidated); the district case was stayed on 8 Sep 2026 | Wisconsin | — | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction · U.S. District Court, D. Minn. (Judge Menendez)In the consolidated CFTC, Kalshi and Polymarket US cases, the court enjoined Minnesota from enforcing Minn. Stat. § 609.7615 against CFTC-registered designated contract markets until a final decision, finding the plaintiffs likely to succeed at least in part on express preemption. The order notes the statute may not be preempted in all its applications and that permanent relief may be much narrower.Status: In effect; the state answered Kalshi’s complaint on 17 Aug 2026 and a Rule 16 conference is set for 13 Oct 2026; no notice of appeal on the docket as of 23 Sep 2026 | Minnesota | Kalshi, Polymarket US | govinfo.gov ↗ | |
| Settlement / joint stipulation · NGCB and Kalshi (filed in First Judicial District Court)In place of contempt, Kalshi admitted the order had been violated and agreed to a third-party multi-source geofence by 12 Aug 2026, with a $120,000/day penalty for missing the deadline (announced 24 Jul).Status: In effect; compliance after 12 Aug is UNVERIFIED | Nevada | Kalshi | gaming.nv.gov ↗ | |
| Legislation · PA House (HB 2711, Rep. Tarik Khan + 23 co-sponsors)Would amend Title 4 (Amusements) to regulate prediction markets and impose civil penalties (co-sponsor memo: 'Stopping Insider Trading on Prediction Markets'). Referred to House Consumer Protection, Technology and Utilities Committee.Status: in committee (as of 2026-08-06 snapshot) | Pennsylvania | — | palegis.us ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction · King County Superior CourtThe court found Kalshi likely violated the Gambling Act and CPA and granted a PI; the final terms were to follow (release dated 21 Jul 2026).Status: Terms set by the 13 Aug order | Washington | Kalshi | atg.wa.gov ↗ | |
| Bill signed · North Carolina General Assembly and Governor Josh Stein (S.L. 2026-41, Senate Bill 257)Section 44.9 of the 2026 Appropriations Act adds G.S. 105-113.131: a prediction market registered with the CFTC that offers event contracts, including sporting event contracts, 'may operate within the State lawfully', and its operator owes a 6% tax on net trading fee revenue from North Carolina residents. The tax imposes no state licence or registration.Status: Law since 7 Jul 2026; section 44.9 takes effect 1 Jan 2027 | North Carolina | — | ncleg.gov ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction denied · US District Court, S.D.N.Y. (Judge Torres), KalshiEX v. Williams (1:25-cv-08846)The court denied Kalshi's PI against NYSGC enforcement. Injunction pending appeal was denied by the district court on 27 Jul and by the Second Circuit (temporary relief) on 29 Jul, with the motion referred to a panel.Status: Appeal pending (2d Cir. No. 26-1835, heard in tandem with 26-2239 and 26-2297); appellees' brief due 30 Oct 2026 | New York | Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit (platform v. state) · QCX LLC d/b/a Polymarket US (federal suit v. AG Torrez et al., D.N.M. 1:26-cv-02100)Polymarket US sued the Attorney General and Gaming Control Board officials. In a joint motion of 24 Jul, the AG agreed not to bring civil or criminal enforcement over Polymarket US’s sports-related event contracts until at least 14 days after a 12-month stay ends.Status: Stay granted on 14 Aug 2026; standstill in effect | New Mexico | Polymarket US | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| TRO · Ingham County Circuit Court (Judge Aquilina)A 14-day TRO barred Kalshi from offering internet sports betting in Michigan, required geolocation, and set a $120,000/day fine for noncompliance.Status: Superseded by the PI of 1 Sep 2026 | Michigan | Kalshi | michigan.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · KalshiEX LLC (plaintiff) v. Raoul et al., N.D. Ill. No. 1:26-cv-07363 (reassigned to Judge Pacold)Kalshi sued to block SB 3019 and IL gambling laws and sought an emergency TRO/PI. After a joint status report on 29 Jun 2026, the TRO hearing was stricken, and the PI was fully briefed (reply 24 Jul 2026).Status: PI motion pending; latest docket entry 28 Sep 2026; no ruling. | Illinois | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · U.S. CFTC / United States (plaintiff) v. Commonwealth of Kentucky et al., E.D. Ky. No. 3:26-cv-00049 (Judge Meredith)CFTC sued Kentucky, Gov. Beshear, AG Coleman, the Revenue Commissioner and KHRGC to block the AG's suits and the HB 757 tax as preempted. It moved for a PI on 30 Jun 2026. The AG moved to dismiss on 24 Aug 2026, and cross-motions for summary judgment were briefed through 21 Sep 2026. The Coalition for Fair Markets is also a party.Status: Pending; no ruling. | Kentucky | Kalshi, Polymarket US | cftc.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · Kalshi (removal): Commonwealth of Kentucky v. KalshiEX LLC, E.D. Ky. No. 3:26-cv-00048 (Judge Wier)Kalshi removed the AG's suit with its co-defendants' consent. Kentucky moved to remand; on 4 Sep 2026 the court deferred defendants' answer deadline to 30 days after the remand ruling.Status: Remand motion pending (docket activity to 22 Sep 2026). | Kentucky | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · QCX LLC (removal): Commonwealth of Kentucky v. QCX LLC, E.D. Ky. No. 3:26-cv-00047 (Judge Boom)Polymarket US removed the AG's suit to federal court; Kentucky moved to remand on 20 Jul 2026.Status: Remand motion pending. | Kentucky | Polymarket US | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · Kentucky Attorney General Russell Coleman (Franklin Circuit Court Nos. 26-CI-00689 and 26-CI-00696)AG sued Kalshi entities (with brokers including Coinbase and Webull as distributors) and QCX LLC d/b/a Polymarket US, under the Consumer Protection Act and gambling laws, over unlicensed sports wagering.Status: Removed to E.D. Ky.; Kentucky's motions to remand are pending. | Kentucky | Kalshi, Polymarket US | cftc.gov ↗ | |
| Final order · Governor JB Pritzker / Illinois General Assembly (SB 3019)Statute (not a court or regulator order) redefining 'sports wagering' to include exchange-traded 'exchange wagers', requiring an IGB licence and imposing a per-contract tax, effective 1 Jul 2026.Status: In effect since 1 Jul 2026; challenged in Kalshi v. Raoul. | Illinois | Crypto.com Prediction Markets, Kalshi, Polymarket US | capitolnewsillinois.com ↗ | |
| Multistate amicus brief (Sixth Circuit, KalshiEx LLC v. Schuler) · California AG Rob Bonta (in 37-AG coalition)California AG Rob Bonta joined a 37-AG amicus brief backing Ohio's right to enforce its gambling laws against Kalshi's sports contracts. The California AG release lists the co-signing states.Status: Brief filed; the Sixth Circuit ruled for Ohio and Tennessee on 25 Sep 2026 | California, Pennsylvania | Kalshi | oag.ca.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit (federal government v. state) · Commodity Futures Trading Commission and United States (D.N.M. 1:26-cv-01912)The CFTC sued New Mexico for a declaration that federal law gives it exclusive authority over event contracts and an injunction against enforcing state gaming law against its registrants. The Governor and Gaming Control Board members were dismissed by stipulation on 29 Jun 2026.Status: CFTC’s preliminary-injunction motion and the state’s motion to dismiss fully briefed (10 Aug 2026); no ruling on the docket as of 29 Sep 2026 | New Mexico | — | cftc.gov ↗ | |
| Contempt motion · Nevada Gaming Control BoardNGCB asked the state court to hold Kalshi in contempt because investigators could still enter prohibited contracts from inside Nevada. The NGCB timeline dates the motion 4 Jun 2026; the press release is dated 12 Jun 2026.Status: Resolved by the joint stipulation of 23 Jul 2026 | Nevada | Kalshi | gaming.nv.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit (platform v. state) · North American Derivatives Exchange d/b/a OG (Crypto.com), federal suit v. AG James and NYSGC (S.D.N.Y. 1:26-cv-04980)OG sought a PI against New York enforcement; the hearing was set for 14 Sep 2026.Status: PI pending; no ruling found as of 28 Sep 2026 | New York | Crypto.com Prediction Markets | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Multistate amicus brief (Sixth Circuit, KalshiEx LLC v. Schuler, No. 26-3196) · Attorneys General of Nevada, Utah, 37 other states and D.C.Attorneys general of 28 states in our records signed the multistate amicus brief backing Ohio’s right to enforce its gambling laws against Kalshi’s sports contracts.Status: Sixth Circuit ruled for Ohio and Tennessee on 2026-09-25 (Nos. 26-3196/5235), holding the CEA does not preempt their gambling laws | 28 statesAlabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, D.C., Wisconsin, Wyoming | Kalshi | oag.ca.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · New Mexico Department of Justice (Attorney General Raúl Torrez)The state sued Kalshi in Santa Fe County district court, alleging its sports event contracts are unlicensed online sports betting offered to 18- to 20-year-olds despite the state’s minimum gaming age of 21, and seeking an injunction. Kalshi removed the case to federal court on 8 Jun 2026.Status: State’s motion to remand to state court fully briefed on 18 Aug 2026; no ruling on the docket as of 4 Oct 2026 | New Mexico | Kalshi | nmdoj.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit (platform v. state) · QCX LLC d/b/a Polymarket US (federal suit v. AG Ellison et al., D. Minn. 0:26-cv-02841)Polymarket US sued to block the prediction-market statute, claiming federal preemption and First Amendment violations.Status: Preliminary injunction granted on 27 Jul 2026 | Minnesota | Polymarket US | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction · First Judicial District Court of Nevada (Judge Woodbury)The PI against QCX LLC dba Polymarket US was granted from the bench; NGCB said a written order would follow.Status: In effect | Nevada | Polymarket US | gaming.nv.gov ↗ | |
| Motion to intervene (federal government v. state) · United States & CFTC, motion to intervene in KalshiEX v. Furcolo (D.R.I. 1:26-cv-00327)The US and CFTC moved to join Kalshi's suit, with a proposed complaint, arguing the CEA gives the CFTC exclusive jurisdiction over event contracts on DCMs and preempts Rhode Island's enforcement against Kalshi and QCX (Polymarket). Kalshi consented; the state defendants opposed.Status: Motion filed 28 May 2026; no ruling found in primary sources | Rhode Island | Kalshi, Polymarket US | cftc.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit (platform v. state) · KalshiEX LLC (federal suit v. AG Ellison et al., D. Minn. 0:26-cv-02778)Kalshi sued Attorney General Ellison, Governor Walz and Jon Anglin, director of the DPS Alcohol and Gambling Division, to block the statute, claiming federal preemption and First Amendment violations.Status: Preliminary injunction granted on 27 Jul 2026; state answered on 17 Aug 2026 | Minnesota | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Bill signed · Governor Tim Walz (Laws 2026, chapter 118, S.F. 3432)Article 6 re-enacts the prediction-market crimes as Minn. Stat. § 609.7615 (felony to create, operate, facilitate or advertise a prediction market, with exceptions for activities that are not bets and for insurance-type contracts) and repeals the S.F. 4760 version. Effective 1 Aug 2026.Status: Enacted; enforcement against CFTC-registered exchanges enjoined since 27 Jul 2026 | Minnesota | — | revisor.mn.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit (platform v. state) · KalshiEX LLC, federal suit v. Lottery Director Mark Furcolo, AG Neronha and DBR Gaming Administrator Christina Tobiasz (D.R.I. 1:26-cv-00327)Kalshi sued to stop Rhode Island officials from enforcing state gaming law against its CFTC-listed event contracts, hours before the AG filed in state court, and moved for a preliminary injunction against the state action.Status: Pending; no ruling on the preliminary injunction found in primary sources as of 4 Oct 2026 | Rhode Island | Kalshi | cftc.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · Rhode Island Attorney General Peter F. NeronhaThe AG asked the Superior Court (C.A. No. PC-2026-02753) to declare that Kalshi's and Polymarket's sports-related event contracts are gambling subject to the constitutional referendum requirement, and 'casino gaming' and 'online sports wagering' under Lottery control. The suit also seeks a permanent injunction, restitution and disgorgement.Status: Removed to federal court on 22 May 2026 (D.R.I. No. 1:26-cv-333), per the CFTC filing of 28 May; pending | Rhode Island | Kalshi, Polymarket US | riag.ri.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit (federal government v. state) · Commodity Futures Trading Commission and United States (D. Minn. 0:26-cv-02661)The CFTC sued Minnesota to stop the new law from taking effect on 1 Aug 2026, calling it broader than any other state law it had challenged, including its reach to weather-related contracts.Status: Preliminary injunction granted on 27 Jul 2026 | Minnesota | — | cftc.gov ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction · First Judicial District Court of Nevada (Judge Woodbury)The PI was granted from the bench on 3 Apr 2026, and the written order was entered on 18 May 2026 (per NGCB). It bars Kalshi from sports-, election- and entertainment-related contracts in Nevada.Status: In effect | Nevada | Kalshi | gaming.nv.gov ↗ | |
| Bill signed · Governor Tim Walz (Laws 2026, chapter 97, S.F. 4760)The omnibus public safety act’s Article 8 first created the prediction-market felonies (new § 609.7615) and let the director under Minn. Stat. ch. 299L issue cease-and-desist orders for violations.Status: Article 8 repealed and re-enacted by chapter 118 on 26 May 2026 | Minnesota | — | revisor.mn.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit (tribes v. platform) · Mescalero Apache Tribe and the Pueblos of Isleta, Pojoaque and Sandia (U.S. District Court, D.N.M.)The tribes allege Kalshi’s sports contracts are class III gaming offered on their lands in breach of federal law and tribal gaming ordinances, which bar third-party mobile sports betting there.Status: Kalshi’s motion to dismiss and the tribes’ preliminary-injunction motion were heard on 23 Sep 2026; no ruling as of the docket update of 25 Sep 2026 | New Mexico | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Tribal lawsuit / court ruling (IGRA) · U.S. District Court, W.D. Wis. (Judge Conley), Ho-Chunk Nation v. KalshiIn the Ho-Chunk Nation's suit (filed 20 Aug 2025), the court let the tribe's claims that Kalshi offers unauthorized class III gaming on tribal land go forward, dismissed its Lanham Act and RICO claims, dismissed the claims against a co-defendant broker, and denied a preliminary injunction.Status: Certified for interlocutory appeal on 11 Sep 2026; Seventh Circuit petition pending | Wisconsin | Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Appellate ruling · U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (KalshiEX v. Martin, No. 25-1892)Appeal (docketed 6 Aug 2025) was argued 7 May 2026. No opinion yet: Kalshi filed a notice about the CFTC's forthcoming regulation on 25 Sep 2026, and the standard CA4 opinion URLs return 404.Status: PENDING (argued, undecided as of 29 Sep 2026). | Maryland | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Regulator comment to CFTC · PGCB (Executive Director Kevin F. O'Toole)Comments to the CFTC say sports prediction markets are illegal sports wagering under Pennsylvania law, and stress underage (18-20) access.Status: submitted | Pennsylvania | Kalshi | gamingcontrolboard.pa.gov ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction · US District Court, D. Ariz. (Judge Liburdi), in United States & CFTC v. Arizona (2:26-cv-02246, consolidated)The US and CFTC sued on 2 Apr 2026 and won a TRO on 10 Apr and a PI on 5 May. The PI bars Arizona from criminal or civil enforcement of its gambling laws over event contracts on CFTC-regulated DCMs; Crypto.com (CDNA) intervened as a plaintiff on 23 Apr. The block came through this federal suit, not Kalshi's own motion.Status: In effect. AZ appealed (9th Cir. No. 26-4281, stayed 21 Jul); on 14 Sep 2026 AZ moved for summary disposition after Kalshi v. Assad, and the CFTC responded on 24 Sep | Arizona | Crypto.com Prediction Markets, Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Remand order · US District Court, W.D. Wash. (Judge Coughenour)Kalshi's removal of the AG case was undone by remand to King County Superior Court. The Ninth Circuit denied a stay pending appeal on 21 May 2026.Status: Kalshi's appeal (9th Cir. No. 26-3106) was stayed on 23 Sep 2026 until the mandates in the Nevada appeals issue | Washington | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Bill introduced · NC House (H 1171, Reps. Harrison, Morey and Butler)'Prohibit Gambling in Prediction Markets' would extend the G.S. 14-292 gambling offence to online platforms offered to North Carolina residents, including prediction markets, from 1 Dec 2026, and give the State Lottery Commission $10,000 to enforce it.Status: Referred to the House Rules Committee on 4 May 2026; no further action on the bill page as archived 6 Jun 2026 | North Carolina | — | ncleg.gov ↗ | |
| Multistate comment to the CFTC (prediction-markets ANPRM, Docket No. 2026-05105) · Attorneys General of Ohio, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Tennessee, Utah, 34 other states and D.C.Attorneys general of 26 states in our records signed the states’ comment arguing the CFTC lacks exclusive jurisdiction over sports-related event contracts, which they say are not swaps and are contrary to the public interest.Status: Comment submitted | 26 statesAlabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, D.C., Wisconsin | — | iowaattorneygeneral.gov ↗ | |
| Multistate comment letter to the CFTC (Docket No. 2026-05105) · Iowa Attorney General Brenna Bird (in a 41-AG coalition)The coalition told the CFTC that sports-related event contracts fall outside its exclusive jurisdiction. Bird's release (4 May 2026) names Kalshi and Polymarket and says Iowa's Racing and Gaming Commission enforces the state's gaming laws.Status: Submitted | Iowa | — | iowaattorneygeneral.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit against the state · U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission and United States (E.D. Wis., No. 2:26-cv-00749)The CFTC sued Wisconsin, Governor Evers, AG Kaul, the Division of Gaming and its administrator, alleging federal law preempts Wisconsin's gambling statutes as applied to the companies the state had sued. The Governor and the Division of Gaming defendants were dismissed by stipulation on 12 Jun 2026.Status: PI denied 28 Jul 2026; on appeal to the Seventh Circuit | Wisconsin | — | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Multistate amicus brief (Mass. SJC, Commonwealth v. KalshiEX LLC, SJC-13906) · Attorneys General of Nevada, Ohio, 35 other states and D.C.Attorneys general of 26 states in our records signed the amicus brief supporting Massachusetts in Kalshi’s appeal of the preliminary injunction against its sports contracts.Status: Brief filed; no SJC decision found as of 4 Oct 2026 | 26 statesAlabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, D.C., Wisconsin | Kalshi | es.ag.ny.gov ↗ | |
| Appellate ruling · U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (motions panel), No. 26-3196Denied Kalshi's emergency motion for an injunction pending appeal and expedited the appeal.Status: Superseded by the 25 Sep 2026 merits decision. | Ohio | Kalshi | opn.ca6.uscourts.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit (federal government v. state) · United States & CFTC, federal suit v. New York officials (S.D.N.Y. 1:26-cv-03404, Judge Schofield)The US and CFTC sued Governor Hochul, AG James and NYSGC commissioners over state enforcement against event contracts on DCMs. The PI motion was argued together with OG's (hearing set for 14 Sep 2026).Status: PI motion pending | New York | Crypto.com Prediction Markets, Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · Wisconsin Department of Justice (AG Josh Kaul)Three suits in Dane County Circuit Court (Kalshi with Coinbase and another broker; Polymarket; Crypto.com) allege that offering sports event contracts to Wisconsin customers violates the commercial-gambling ban in Wis. Stat. § 945.03(1m) and is a public nuisance, and seek injunctions.Status: Removed to W.D. Wis. on 24 Apr 2026; the state's remand motions and its PI motion against Kalshi and its co-defendants were fully briefed by 7 Aug 2026, with no ruling on the docket. Polymarket's Blockratize was dropped on 10 Jun 2026; QCX (Polymarket US) remains | Wisconsin | Crypto.com Prediction Markets, Kalshi, Polymarket US | wisdoj.gov ↗ | |
| Final order · Kentucky General Assembly (HB 757, veto override)Legislature enacted a 14.25% excise tax on prediction-market operators' transaction fees. This is a statute, not a court or regulator order; the CFTC says it sweeps in non-sports contracts too.Status: Enacted; takes effect 1 Jan 2027; challenged by the CFTC and the Coalition for Fair Markets. | Kentucky | Crypto.com Prediction Markets, Kalshi, Polymarket US | cftc.gov ↗ | |
| Legislative hearing · Vermont House Committee on Government Operations and Military Affairs (H.913, Rep. Thomas Stevens and 12 co-sponsors)The committee heard the sponsor and a legislative counsel walk-through of H.913 (introduced 25 Feb 2026), which would bring prediction-market contracts on sports, contests, people, politics, disasters, war or death within Vermont’s criminal wagering ban, make such agreements void, and add a $0.50 per-wager fee on sports bets.Status: In committee; no further action recorded as of 4 Oct 2026 | Vermont | — | legislature.vermont.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit (platform v. state) · KalshiEX LLC (federal suit v. AG Knudsen et al., D. Mont. 6:26-cv-00028)Kalshi sued the Attorney General, the Gambling Control Division and members of the Lottery and Sports Wagering Commission, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against enforcement of Montana gambling law.Status: Dismissed on 21 Sep 2026 under the joint stipulation | Montana | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Legislation · California Assembly (AB 1840, Asm. Sanchez)Bill amending the Political Reform Act regarding prediction market contracts (Gov. Code 86205, new 87451). Both committee hearings were canceled at the author's request.Status: stalled in Assembly Elections Committee; last action 04/09/26 hearing canceled | California | — | leginfo.legislature.ca.gov ↗ | |
| Appellate ruling · U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (KalshiEX v. Flaherty, No. 25-1922)Divided panel (Porter, Chagares; Roth dissenting) affirmed Kalshi's preliminary injunction, holding the CEA likely preempts NJ law as applied to sports contracts on a CFTC-designated contract market.Status: Stands; NJ has petitioned the Supreme Court. | New Jersey, Pennsylvania | Kalshi | www2.ca3.uscourts.gov ↗ | |
| Cease-and-desist · Gambling Control Division, Montana Department of JusticeA second order to cease and desist said the GCD had agreed to refrain from enforcement while a Nevada federal preliminary injunction for Kalshi stood; with that injunction dissolved, the GCD again called Kalshi’s Montana activities illegal gambling.Status: Kalshi sued on 12 Apr 2026; enforcement paused under the 17 Sep 2026 stipulation | Montana | Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · U.S. CFTC / United States (plaintiff) v. State of Illinois et al., N.D. Ill. No. 1:26-cv-03659 (Judge Pacold)CFTC sued Illinois, the Governor, the AG and IGB officials, alleging the IGB C&Ds are preempted. It moved for a PI on 17 Jun 2026. On 14 Jul 2026 the Coalition for Fair Markets' motion to intervene was granted; NADEX d/b/a OG (Crypto.com) also moved to intervene, unopposed.Status: PI motion pending (the state filed supplemental authority through 8 Sep 2026). | Illinois | Crypto.com Prediction Markets, Kalshi, Polymarket US | cftc.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit (federal government v. state) · United States & CFTC, federal suit v. State of Connecticut (D. Conn. 3:26-cv-00498)The US and CFTC sued Connecticut over enforcement against DCMs, naming Kalshi and NADEX/Crypto.com in the complaint. A PI motion was filed on 11 Sep 2026, with responses due 2 Oct 2026.Status: PI motion pending | Connecticut | Crypto.com Prediction Markets, Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Bill passed one chamber · Iowa Senate (SF 2470, Committee on Ways and Means; floor manager Sen. Dawson)Would require operators of event-driven contracts on designated contract markets to get a state permit, and would tax adjusted revenues or amounts traded. It passed the Senate 45–1.Status: A House subcommittee recommended passage on 27 Apr 2026; the bill history still showed "Passed Senate" on 4 Oct 2026 (not enacted) | Iowa | — | legis.iowa.gov ↗ | |
| Executive order (N-4-26) · Governor Gavin NewsomBars all gubernatorial appointees from using non-public information to profit, or help others profit, from prediction markets. Governs officials' conduct, not operators.Status: in effect (effective immediately) | California | — | gov.ca.gov ↗ | |
| Legislative interim charge (study) · Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick (interim charge to Senate State Affairs Committee)'Closing Gambling Loopholes' charge directs the Senate State Affairs Committee to study prediction-market gambling and recommend measures before the 90th Legislature (January 2027).Status: study pending; recommendations due before 2027 session | Texas | — | ltgov.texas.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · Washington Attorney General (Nick Brown)The AG sued Kalshi under the Gambling Act and the Consumer Protection Act in King County Superior Court.Status: Pending; PI in effect | Washington | Kalshi | atg.wa.gov ↗ | |
| Bill signed · Governor Spencer J. Cox (H.B. 243, Gambling Revisions, Rep. Joseph Elison)Amends Utah Code § 76-9-1401 to state that a 'proposition bet' falls within the definition of gambling. It passed the House 63-9-3 on 10 Feb 2026 and the Senate 25-0-4 on 27 Feb 2026.Status: Signed 25 Mar 2026; the bill has no special effective-date clause | Utah | — | le.utah.gov ↗ | |
| TRO · First Judicial District Court of NevadaThe state court granted NGCB a TRO against Kalshi covering sports, election and entertainment event contracts.Status: Superseded by the PI | Nevada | Kalshi | gaming.nv.gov ↗ | |
| Criminal charges · Arizona Attorney General (Kris Mayes)A 20-count criminal information in Maricopa County Superior Court charged KalshiEx LLC and Kalshi Trading LLC with an unlicensed wagering business and election wagering.Status: Prosecution enjoined by the federal PI of 5 May 2026; the AG is seeking to lift it | Arizona | Kalshi | azag.gov ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction denied · KalshiEX LLC, federal suit v. ADG Director Johnson and AG Mayes (D. Ariz. 2:26-cv-01715)Kalshi's own TRO and PI motions were denied on 8 Apr 2026. Kalshi appealed (9th Cir. No. 26-2978); the appeal was stayed on 4 Jun 2026 pending the Nevada mandates.Status: Appeal stayed | Arizona | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · KalshiEX LLC (U.S. District Court, S.D. Iowa)Kalshi sued AG Brenna Bird, the Iowa Racing and Gaming Commission and its members, asking the court to declare that federal law preempts Iowa's gambling laws (Iowa Code chapters 99–99G and 725) as applied to its event contracts. The suit followed a 4 Mar 2026 meeting with the AG's office.Status: PI denied on 8 Sep 2026; appeal pending (8th Cir. No. 26-2874) | Iowa | Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Multistate amicus brief (Ninth Circuit, Nos. 25-7187, 25-7516, 25-7831) · Attorneys General of Ohio, New Jersey, 37 other states and D.C.Attorneys general of 29 states in our records signed the multistate amicus brief supporting Nevada regulators against Crypto.com (CDNA) and Kalshi, arguing the CEA does not preempt state sports-betting law.Status: Ninth Circuit ruled for Nevada in KalshiEx v. Assad on 2026-08-28 | 29 statesAlabama, Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, Washington, D.C., Wisconsin, Wyoming | Crypto.com Prediction Markets, Kalshi | ag.idaho.gov ↗ | |
| Bill passed one chamber · Hawaii House of Representatives (HB 2198 HD2, Rep. Matayoshi and 15 co-introducers)Would amend the Penal Code's definition of 'gambling' to cover prediction markets on catastrophes, contests, death, legislation, national security, people, politics and sports. The House passed HD2 on third reading with no 'no' votes.Status: Received by the Senate on 12 Mar 2026; we found no further action | Hawaii | — | capitol.hawaii.gov ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction · U.S. District Court, S.D. Ohio (Judge Morrison)Court DENIED Kalshi's preliminary injunction, finding it had not shown its sports contracts are swaps or that Ohio gambling law is preempted. The date comes from the NJ cert petition's citation, 2026 WL 657004.Status: Affirmed by the Sixth Circuit on 25 Sep 2026. | Ohio | Kalshi | opn.ca6.uscourts.gov ↗ | |
| Bill continued to next session · Virginia Senate Committee on Finance and Appropriations (HB271, Del. Paul E. Krizek)HB271 would create a Virginia Gaming Commission and require it to study the legal, economic and policy implications of prediction markets, consulting the Attorney General, and report by 1 Oct 2029. It passed the House 90-7 on 17 Feb 2026; the Senate committee continued it to 2027 by a 10-4 vote.Status: Continued to 2027 | Virginia | — | lis.virginia.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · Michigan Attorney General (Dana Nessel)The AG sued Kalshi in Ingham County Circuit Court (No. 26-1087-CZ) under the Lawful Sports Betting Act. Kalshi removed the case; W.D. Mich. remanded it on 25 Jun 2026.Status: Pending; PI in effect. Kalshi's appeal of the remand (6th Cir. No. 26-1639) is in abeyance | Michigan | Kalshi | michigan.gov ↗ | |
| Stipulated stay (enforcement forbearance) · US District Court, D. Mass. (Judge Young), QCX LLC (Polymarket US) v. Campbell (1:26-cv-10651)Polymarket US sued on 9 Feb 2026. The AG agreed not to enforce against its sports contracts until at least 14 days after the stay ends, which is tied to the SJC's Kalshi ruling. The case is administratively closed.Status: In effect | Massachusetts | Polymarket US | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction denied · QCX LLC (Polymarket US), federal suit v. AG Nessel and MGCBW.D. Mich. (Judge Maloney, 1:26-cv-00710) denied Polymarket US's PI on 17 Jun 2026; the TRO had already been denied. The case is stayed pending appeal (6th Cir. No. 26-1552, consolidated with 26-1542).Status: Appeal pending; the state filed its brief on 16 Sep 2026 and the CFTC filed an amicus brief | Michigan | Polymarket US | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Remand order · US District Court, D. Nev. (Judge Du)Polymarket had removed NGCB's case to federal court. The court remanded it to state court and on 12 Mar 2026 denied a stay pending appeal.Status: Polymarket's appeal of the remand (9th Cir. No. 26-1343) is pending; the Ninth Circuit denied reconsideration of a nondispositive order on 28 Aug 2026 | Nevada | Polymarket US | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · KalshiEX LLC (U.S. District Court, D. Utah, No. 2:26-cv-00151)Kalshi sued Governor Cox, Attorney General Brown and three other state officials, seeking a declaration that federal law preempts Utah's gambling laws as applied to its exchange. The court's opinion notes Governor Cox's February 2026 posts calling prediction markets gambling and promising to fight in court.Status: Judgment for the state on 4 Aug 2026; on appeal (10th Cir. No. 26-4100) | Utah | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction · U.S. District Court, M.D. Tenn. (Judge Trauger)Court granted Kalshi a PI against the state officials (holding its sports contracts are swaps and state law is conflict-preempted), and dismissed the TSWC itself on sovereign-immunity grounds.Status: VACATED by the Sixth Circuit on 25 Sep 2026. | Tennessee | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Stay of preliminary injunction · Massachusetts Appeals Court (single justice)A single justice stayed the Suffolk PI pending Kalshi's appeal. This comes from a court filing signed by the AG and Polymarket US; the appellate docket (2026-J-0143) was blocked by a bot check. The appeal is SJC-13906.Status: As of 4 Mar 2026 the PI was stayed; whether the stay remains in effect today is UNVERIFIED | Massachusetts | Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · Nevada Gaming Control BoardNGCB filed a civil enforcement action against Kalshi in Nevada state court. Kalshi removed it; D. Nev. remanded it on 2 Mar 2026.Status: Pending in state court; Kalshi's appeal of the remand (9th Cir. No. 26-1304) is pending | Nevada | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| TRO · First Judicial District Court of NevadaThe state court issued a TRO barring Polymarket from offering prohibited event contracts in Nevada.Status: Superseded by the PI of 29 May 2026 | Nevada | Polymarket US | gaming.nv.gov ↗ | |
| Cease-and-desist · Illinois Gaming BoardIGB sent Polymarket US a C&D mirroring the one sent to Kalshi.Status: Not enjoined. | Illinois | Polymarket US | cftc.gov ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction · Suffolk Superior CourtThe court granted the AG's PI and denied Kalshi's motion to dismiss; the PI was entered on 6 Feb 2026.Status: Stayed on 17 Feb 2026 by an Appeals Court single justice (see next entry) | Massachusetts | Kalshi | mass.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · Nevada Gaming Control BoardNGCB filed a civil enforcement action in Nevada state court (First Judicial District, Carson City) against Blockratize (Polymarket), QCX LLC (Polymarket US) and Adventure One QSS.Status: Pending; the PI was granted on 29 May 2026 | Nevada | Polymarket US | gaming.nv.gov ↗ | |
| TRO · KalshiEX LLC (plaintiff) v. Orgel et al., M.D. Tenn. No. 3:26-cv-00034; TRO by Judge TraugerKalshi sued the TSWC chair, its executive director and AG Skrmetti; the court entered a TRO the same day.Status: Superseded by the 19 Feb 2026 PI, which was itself vacated on 25 Sep 2026. | Tennessee | Kalshi | opn.ca6.uscourts.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · Coinbase Financial Markets, Inc. (plaintiff) v. Raoul et al., N.D. Ill. No. 1:25-cv-15406 (Judge Pacold)Coinbase sued the IL AG and IGB officials to block enforcement of gambling law against its planned event-contract offering, and moved for a PI on 23 Dec 2025.Status: PI motion pending; no ruling found. | Illinois | — | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Regulatory guidance · Washington State Gambling CommissionWSGC guidance says offering or taking part in event-based contract markets is not authorized in Washington. It is not aimed at a named platform.Status: In effect | Washington | — | wsgc.wa.gov ↗ | |
| Advisory notice · Louisiana Gaming Control Board (Chairman Christopher B. Hebert)Told licensees and permittees that sports event contracts, and certain other event contracts, are illegal gambling under Louisiana law even when listed on a CFTC-regulated exchange. It said any direct or indirect involvement may affect their suitability for a Louisiana licence or permit.Status: In effect; the Board published it on 10 Dec 2025 | Louisiana | — | lgcb.dps.louisiana.gov ↗ | |
| Cease-and-desist · Connecticut Department of Consumer ProtectionDCP emailed Kalshi a cease-and-desist letter over sports contracts (as recited in the D. Conn. PI decision).Status: Kalshi sued on 3 Dec 2025; by stipulation of 8 Dec 2025 the state held off enforcement until the PI ruling | Connecticut | Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction dissolved / denied · US District Court, D. Nev. (Kalshi’s federal case)The federal court dissolved Kalshi's preliminary injunction.Status: The Ninth Circuit affirmed on 28 Aug 2026 | Nevada | Kalshi | gaming.nv.gov ↗ | |
| Regulatory letter · Massachusetts Gaming CommissionMGC told its licensed sports wagering operators that offering sports-related event contracts in Massachusetts is prohibited. The post names no operator.Status: In effect | Massachusetts | — | massgaming.com ↗ | |
| Cease-and-desist · New York State Gaming CommissionNYSGC ordered Kalshi to stop operating an unlicensed mobile sports wagering platform in New York (as recited in the SDNY opinion).Status: Kalshi sued on 27 Oct 2025; its PI was denied | New York | Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Attorney general opinion · Arkansas Attorney General Tim Griffin (Opinion No. 2025-073, requested by State Sen. Bryan B. King)The AG concluded that a business model like Kalshi’s, as described in the request, constitutes gambling or gaming and requires licensure in Arkansas, and that sports event contracts are not taxed as paid fantasy sports games.Status: Issued (published 24 Oct 2025); no enforcement action against a platform found as of 4 Oct 2026 | Arkansas | Kalshi | opinionstorage.blob.core.windows.net ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction denied · US District Court, D. Nev. (federal case brought by Crypto.com)The federal court denied Crypto.com a PI against Nevada enforcement. Per NGCB, Crypto.com agreed to limit its Nevada event-contract offerings while the appeal was pending.Status: Limit agreed; the Ninth Circuit affirmed the PI denial on 28 Aug 2026 (No. 25-7187) | Nevada | Crypto.com Prediction Markets | gaming.nv.gov ↗ | |
| Regulator letter to PA congressional delegation · PGCB Executive Director Kevin F. O'TooleAsked Pennsylvania's U.S. Senators and House members to press the CFTC on the dual-track problem of sports event contracts alongside state-regulated sports wagering.Status: letter sent | Pennsylvania | — | gamingcontrolboard.pa.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · KalshiEX LLC (plaintiff) v. Schuler et al., S.D. Ohio No. 2:25-cv-01165Kalshi sued the OCCC, its commissioners, its executive director and the Ohio AG, arguing federal preemption, and moved for a preliminary injunction.Status: Pending on remand to the district court after the 25 Sep 2026 Sixth Circuit ruling. | Ohio | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · Massachusetts Attorney General (Andrea Joy Campbell)The AG filed a civil enforcement action against Kalshi in Suffolk Superior Court over sports event contracts.Status: Pending; PI appeal before the SJC (SJC-13906) | Massachusetts | Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Cease-and-desist · Ohio Casino Control CommissionOCCC warned its licensed sportsbooks that partnering with companies offering unlicensed sports gaming in Ohio could lead to administrative action against their licences. The year is inferred from the case chronology.Status: In effect (no court has blocked it). | Ohio | Kalshi | opn.ca6.uscourts.gov ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction · U.S. District Court, D. Md. (Judge Abelson)DENIED Kalshi's PI: Kalshi failed to show the CEA preempts Maryland's gaming laws.Status: On appeal to the Fourth Circuit. | Maryland | Kalshi | www2.mdd.uscourts.gov ↗ | |
| Cease-and-desist · Nevada Gaming Control BoardNGCB sent Crypto.com (NADEX) a cease-and-desist letter; Crypto.com sued in federal court on 4 Jun 2025 (D. Nev. 2:25-cv-00978).Status: Crypto.com's PI was denied on 14 Oct 2025; Ninth Circuit affirmed on 28 Aug 2026 | Nevada | Crypto.com Prediction Markets | gaming.nv.gov ↗ | |
| Appeal dismissed · U.S. Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit (KalshiEX LLC v. CFTC, No. 24-5205)The court granted the CFTC’s unopposed motion to dismiss its appeal of the ruling that let Kalshi list congressional-control contracts, and issued the mandate. A federal case against the CFTC, not a District action.Status: Closed; the district court ruling for Kalshi stands | Washington, D.C. | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Preliminary injunction · U.S. District Court, D.N.J. (Judge Kiel)Court granted Kalshi's motion and barred NJ from civil or criminal enforcement against Kalshi's sports-related event contracts.Status: In force; affirmed by the Third Circuit on 6 Apr 2026. | New Jersey | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · KalshiEX LLC (plaintiff) v. Martin et al., D. Md. No. 1:25-cv-01283Kalshi sued Maryland gaming officials seeking a preemption declaration and a TRO/PI. The parties stipulated that the state would not enforce until the PI motion was decided.Status: District case continues; PI denied (see 2025-08-01). | Maryland | Kalshi | www2.mdd.uscourts.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · North American Derivatives Exchange, Inc. d/b/a Crypto.com (plaintiff) v. Martin et al., D. Md. No. 1:25-cv-01285Crypto.com's DCM sued Maryland gaming regulators on the same day as Kalshi. A joint motion to stay the case was filed on 3 Sep 2025.Status: Stay requested (whether it was granted was not confirmed from the docket). | Maryland | Crypto.com Prediction Markets | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Cease-and-desist · Maryland Lottery and Gaming Control CommissionMLGCC directed Kalshi to stop offering sports event contracts in Maryland, saying sports wagering is legal only through state-licensed operators.Status: Enforceable (Kalshi's PI was denied); per the D. Md. record the state agreed not to enforce while the PI motion was pending. | Maryland | Kalshi | www2.mdd.uscourts.gov ↗ | |
| Cease-and-desist · Illinois Gaming BoardIGB accused Kalshi of unlicensed sports wagering and illegal gambling under the Sports Wagering Act and Criminal Code.Status: Not enjoined; the state is reported to be refraining from enforcement while PI motions are pending. | Illinois | Crypto.com Prediction Markets, Kalshi | cftc.gov ↗ | |
| Lawsuit · KalshiEX LLC (plaintiff) v. Flaherty et al., D.N.J. No. 1:25-cv-02152Kalshi sued NJ gaming officials the day after the C&D, seeking a declaration that the Commodity Exchange Act preempts NJ gambling law for its sports contracts.Status: Pending in district court; parties filed a joint status report 16 Jun 2026 after the Third Circuit ruling. | New Jersey | Kalshi | courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Cease-and-desist · New Jersey Division of Gaming EnforcementDGE ordered Kalshi to stop offering sports wagers to people in New Jersey and to void existing ones, citing the Sports Wagering Act and the state constitution's ban on bets on NJ college teams/events in NJ.Status: Superseded: enforcement enjoined since 28 Apr 2025. | New Jersey | Kalshi | njoag.gov ↗ | |
| Cease-and-desist · Gambling Control Division, Montana Department of JusticeAfter an investigation, the GCD concluded Kalshi’s Montana activities are illegal gambling, citing MCA §§ 23-5-112, -152, -154 and -157, and ordered it to cease and desist.Status: Enforcement was later held off while Kalshi’s Nevada injunction stood; reissued on 6 Apr 2026 | Montana | Kalshi | storage.courtlistener.com ↗ | |
| Cease-and-desist · Nevada Gaming Control BoardNGCB sent Kalshi a cease-and-desist letter; Kalshi sued in federal court on 28 Mar 2025 and won a PI on 9 Apr 2025, which was later dissolved.Status: Superseded by the state-court enforcement action | Nevada | Kalshi | gaming.nv.gov ↗ | |
| Stay pending appeal denied · U.S. Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit (KalshiEX LLC v. CFTC, No. 24-5205)The court denied the CFTC’s emergency motion to stay the district court ruling, finding the CFTC had not shown that it or the public would be irreparably injured, and dissolved the administrative stay.Status: The CFTC dropped the appeal on 7 May 2025 | Washington, D.C. | Kalshi | media.cadc.uscourts.gov ↗ | |
| Summary judgment · U.S. District Court, D.D.C. (Judge Jia M. Cobb), KalshiEX LLC v. CFTC (1:23-cv-03257)The court granted Kalshi summary judgment and vacated the CFTC’s 22 Sep 2023 order barring its congressional-control contracts, holding the order exceeded the CFTC’s statutory authority (memorandum opinion 12 Sep 2024).Status: Final; the CFTC’s appeal was dismissed on 7 May 2025 | Washington, D.C. | Kalshi | govinfo.gov ↗ |
Frequently asked questions
- Which states have taken action against prediction markets?
32 states have a court order, lawsuit, regulator action or law of their own in our records: Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan and 20 more. Many more signed joint briefs or comments; each state’s page lists its own entries.
- What are the latest appeals-court rulings on prediction markets?
25 September 2026, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (KalshiEX v. Schuler / v. Orgel, Nos. 26-3196/5235; Gibbons, Clay, Bloomekatz): Unanimous panel held Kalshi's sports contracts are not 'swaps' and that the CEA would not preempt Ohio gambling law even if they were; affirmed the denial of Kalshi's PI.
22 September 2026, U.S. Supreme Court (Clerk), No. 26-299: Procedural order extending Kalshi's time to respond to NJ's petition (not a merits ruling). 17 September 2026, KalshiEX LLC (U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit, No. 26-2874): Kalshi appealed the denial of its preliminary injunction in KalshiEX v. Bird. The Eighth Circuit docketed the appeal and set a briefing schedule on 17 Sep 2026.
- Which platforms do state actions name most often?
Kalshi (89 events), Polymarket US (23 events), Crypto.com Prediction Markets (17 events). An action that names a platform is aimed at its contracts in that state; it does not by itself mean the platform is closed there.
- Can I reuse this timeline?
Yes, with a link to this page. Every row links its primary source — a court docket, an order, a regulator’s letter or a bill — and the whole timeline downloads as a CSV.